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ROI (%) = (Net return ÷ Cost) × 100
Net return = Total return − Total cost
Payback period = Cost ÷ Annual return
Example — Double glazing: Installation cost 5,000. Annual energy saving 350/yr. ROI = (350 ÷ 5,000) × 100 = 7% per year. Payback = 5,000 ÷ 350 = 14.3 years.